Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO)

Its advantages include:
‑ High volumetric energy density: Compact layered structure with high compaction density (2.4‑3.2 g/cm³), suitable for miniaturized device applications.
‑ Stable operating voltage: Nominal voltage of 3.7 V, operating range 2.4‑4.45 V, compatible with high voltage fast‑charging technologies.
‑ Excellent cycle performance: Per‑cycle capacity fade is less than 0.05 %, with initial specific discharge capacity exceeding 135 mAh/g.

Key areas of development:
‑ High‑voltage performance: By doping with elements such as aluminum and magnesium or applying surface coatings to stabilize lattice oxygen, the charge cut‑off voltage can be raised to 4.45 V, achieving volumetric energy density above 700 Wh/L.
‑ Fast‑charging optimization: Optimizing particle morphology (e.g., nanonization or adopting plate‑like / lamellar structures) shortens lithium‑ion diffusion paths, supporting discharge rates of 2C and higher.